Islamic Republic of Iran

IRAN, IR
KEY FACTS

POLITICAL STRUCTURE

The legal and constitutional arrangements in Iran, similar to other neighboring countries, have direct impact on the preservation or destruction of natural ecosystems/and the environment of the country. It is widely accepted that the general consensus that government policies of any country can affect the natural environment locally (as well as globally) through its industrial and agricultural policies. The national parliament also plays an important role in preservation or destruction of the environment by introducing new laws or development programms.

MINERAL RESOURCES

Iran is very rich in terms of mineral and underground reserves, with 37 billion tons of discovered reserves, 57 billion tons of potential reserves and about 68 types of non-oil minerals, it is among the 15 mineral powers of the world. The most important of these mines are:

Out of about 53 billion tons of mineral reserves in Iran, 1.5 billion tons are of metal reserves such as iron ore, copper, lead and zinc, manganese, chromite, gold... and the rest related to non-metallic reserves, including construction materials, especially decorative stones with About 3 billion tons and industrial mines such as coal with about 2 billion tons (Iran is one of the biggest exporters of gypsum and salt mines should be added).

In terms of geology, Iran is located on one of the most important mineral belts in the world, and it is considered one of the richest countries in the world in terms of at least 10 types of minerals. Still, a large part of Iran's mineral areas have not been fully and accurately explored and so far A little more than 5% of the country's mineral reserves have been extracted. In terms of global position, Iran has 10% of the total known oil reserves, 14% of gas, 3.5% of copper resources, 5% of lead resources and 3% of the world's resources.

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OIL & GAS

(Reserves & Production)

Iran's first place in the field of oil and gas reserves in the world is while these resources are considered as conventional resources and Iran has not yet started extensive exploration and estimation of unconventional reserves including oil and gas shales and gas hydrates.

So far, nearly half of the world's proven oil reserves, including crude oil and condensate, have been exhausted but despite the fact that Iran was one of the first countries to begin commercial oil production.

It has exploited a little more than a third of its proven reserves. . On the other hand, the comparison of Iran's in situ oil and gas reserves in 1997 with 1957 shows that despite the continuous extraction and consumption of reserves, due to the discoveries and substitutions made, the amount of in situ oil reserves in the country is equal to the amount of these reserves in the previous 40 years and the reserves The current level of gas, despite gas supply to cities and villages and its continuous consumption, is eight times the amount of these reserves in 1957.

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Islamic Republic of Iran

Addressing Environmental Challenges:

Assessment and Recommendations

Iran, like many countries in the region, grapples with a myriad of environmental issues that pose significant threats to its natural resources, ecosystems, and public health. To effectively tackle these challenges, a comprehensive approach is needed, encompassing assessment, policy evaluation, and strategic recommendations.

Step One: Identifying Current Environmental Problems

Iran faces a range of environmental problems, including air and water pollution, deforestation, desertification, loss of biodiversity, and soil degradation. These issues stem from various factors such as industrial activities, urbanization, agricultural practices, and inadequate waste management. Moreover, climate change exacerbates these challenges, leading to more frequent droughts, heatwaves, and extreme weather events.

Step Two: Analyzing Past Policies and Actions

Over the past four decades, the Iranian government has implemented various policies and initiatives to address environmental concerns. These include legislation on air and water quality, conservation efforts for protected areas, reforestation programs, and sustainable development plans. Additionally, Iran has participated in international agreements and conventions aimed at environmental protection.

Step Three: Assessing Policy Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Shortcomings

While Iran has taken steps to address environmental issues, the effectiveness and efficiency of these policies vary. Challenges such as inadequate enforcement, lack of coordination between government agencies, corruption, and insufficient public awareness hinder progress. Moreover, socio-economic factors, including population growth and economic development, influence environmental outcomes. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation is necessary to identify the strengths and weaknesses of existing policies.

Step Four: Policy Recommendations

Based on the assessment of past policies and current environmental challenges, several recommendations can be proposed:

Strengthening Enforcement and Governance: Enhance regulatory frameworks, enforcement mechanisms, and transparency to ensure compliance with environmental laws and regulations. Improve coordination among government agencies and promote accountability to address corruption and mismanagement.
Investing in Sustainable Practices: Promote sustainable agriculture, renewable energy, and efficient resource management to reduce environmental degradation and mitigate climate change impacts. Encourage innovation and technology adoption to foster green growth and enhance resilience.
Enhancing Public Participation and Awareness: Engage stakeholders, including local communities, NGOs, and the private sector, in decision-making processes and environmental conservation efforts. Raise public awareness through education, campaigns, and media outreach to foster environmental stewardship and behavior change.
Supporting Research and Monitoring: Invest in scientific research, monitoring systems, and data collection to better understand environmental trends, assess impacts, and inform evidence-based policymaking. Encourage collaboration with academic institutions, research centers, and international organizations to enhance knowledge sharing and capacity building.

By adopting a holistic approach and implementing targeted policies, Iran can address its environmental challenges, safeguard its natural resources, and promote sustainable development for current and future generations.

Iran faces a range of environmental problems that have significant impacts on its natural resources, ecosystems, and human health. To address these problems three steps are required to be taken. First, to address the problems that state, and the country as a whole, is currently facing. The second step is to identify what (and if) policies/actions the Iranian state has taken over the past four decades to tackle these environmental problems. We assess the effectiveness, efficiency and shortcomings of the state policies in the third step. For the last part, we offer some policy recommendations.

Before, going through the steps described above, we need to distinguish between the environmental challenges in urban settlements and those in rural areas.

Environmental challenges in urban areas

Urban areas in Iran face several environmental challenges, including:

Air Pollution: One of the most pressing issues in Iranian cities is air pollution, primarily caused by emissions from vehicles, industrial facilities, and household activities. Tehran, the capital city, often experiences severe air pollution, which poses significant health risks to residents.
Water Scarcity: Many urban areas in Iran, particularly in central and southern regions, face water scarcity due to a combination of factors, including drought, mismanagement of water resources, and over-extraction from rivers and aquifers. This scarcity is exacerbated by rapid urbanization and population growth.
Waste Management: Inefficient waste management systems contribute to environmental degradation in urban areas. Improper disposal of solid waste, illegal dumping, and limited recycling facilities. This results in pollution of land, water bodies, and air.
Urbanization and Loss of Green Spaces: Rapid urbanization has led to the encroachment of buildings and infrastructure on green spaces, reducing biodiversity and exacerbating the urban heat island effect. This loss of green spaces also diminishes recreational areas and contributes to a decline in overall environmental quality.
Traffic Congestion: Increasing urbanization and a growing number of vehicles have resulted in severe traffic congestion in many Iranian cities. This congestion not only leads to productivity losses but also contributes to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Noise Pollution: Urban areas in Iran also suffer from noise pollution, mainly due to traffic congestion, construction activities, and industrial operations. Prolonged exposure to high levels of noise can have adverse effects on human health and well-being.
Climate Change Impacts: Iran is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves. These events can exacerbate existing environmental challenges and pose additional risks to urban areas.
Loss of Biodiversity: Urbanization and expansion often result in the destruction of natural habitats and ecosystems, leading to a loss of biodiversity. This loss affects both flora and fauna, disrupting ecological balance and reducing the resilience of urban environments to environmental changes.

Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive strategies that integrate urban planning, environmental management, and sustainable development practices. Efforts to improve public transportation, promote renewable energy, enhance water conservation measures, and strengthen waste management systems are crucial for mitigating the environmental impact of urbanization in Iran. Additionally, raising awareness and fostering community participation are essential for sustainable urban development.

Environmental challenges in rural Iran

Rural areas in Iran face several environmental challenges, which can differ from those in urban areas due to distinct characteristics and activities. Some of the key environmental issues in rural Iran include:

Water Scarcity and Drought: Many rural areas in Iran experience water scarcity and drought, which can severely impact agriculture, livestock, and overall livelihoods. The water scarcity is due to decreasing precipitation, over-extraction of groundwater, and inefficient irrigation practices. Additionally, water quality is often compromised by agricultural runoff, industrial pollution, and inadequate sanitation facilities, leading to health concerns and reduced agricultural productivity.
Soil Degradation: Soil erosion, salinization, and desertification are significant concerns in rural areas of Iran. Unsustainable agricultural practices, deforestation, and land degradation exacerbate these problems, leading to reduced soil fertility, loss of arable land, and decreased agricultural productivity.
Deforestation and Land Use Change: Deforestation, often driven by agricultural expansion, urbanization, and fuelwood collection, contributes to habitat loss, biodiversity decline, and soil erosion in rural areas. Land use changes, such as conversion of forests and grasslands into agricultural or urban areas, further exacerbate environmental degradation. In fact, destruction of natural habitats also disrupts ecosystems and reduces the resilience of rural landscapes to environmental changes.
Air and Water Pollution: Rural areas in Iran are not immune to pollution, with agricultural activities, industrial operations, and inadequate waste management contributing to air and water pollution. Pesticide and fertilizer runoff from agricultural fields can contaminate water sources, while livestock farming can lead to water pollution through manure runoff.
Loss of Biodiversity: Like urban areas, rural regions in Iran also experience loss of biodiversity due to habitat destruction, overexploitation of natural resources, and pollution. This loss affects ecosystems, disrupts ecological balance, and reduces the resilience of rural communities to environmental changes.
Waste Management: Inadequate waste management infrastructure in rural areas results in improper disposal of solid waste, including agricultural waste and household garbage. This pollution contaminates soil and water resources, posing health risks to rural communities and ecosystems.
Climate Change Vulnerability: Rural communities in Iran are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events. These impacts can affect agriculture, water availability, and overall socio-economic development in rural areas.

Certainly, addressing environmental challenges in Iran requires a comprehensive approach. To accomplish this, we use seven of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) introduced as part of UN's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

Let's start by identifying some of the key challenges:

In this section, seven out of seventeen UN's SDGs are selected and the performance of various state apparatuses in Iran are examined with regards to these seven goals.

1. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

Access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene is the most basic human need for health and well-being. Goal 6 of UN Sustainable Development Goals addresses this matter.

Iran’s water challenges currently include air pollution, pesticide pollution, water scarcity and pollution, natural resource loss, lack of appropriate waste management, lead poisoning. Environmental policy regulations and how to implement them are well described, however, no implementation of those regulations exist.

Indeed, addressing environmental concerns requires not only the formulation of effective policies but also their robust implementation and enforcement. If there is a gap between the regulations in place and their actual implementation, it can hinder progress in addressing environmental problems.

Several factors could contribute to this discrepancy between policy formulation and implementation:

Enforcement Mechanisms: Policies must have clear enforcement mechanisms. If the state lacks the resources or will to enforce regulations effectively, it may lead to non-compliance.
Political Will: The political will to enforce regulations is crucial. If there are conflicting interests or if powerful entities undermine environmental regulations, it becomes challenging to implement them.
Public Awareness and Participation: Public support and awareness play a vital role in the successful implementation of environmental regulations. If the public is not informed or engaged, it might be challenging to generate the necessary pressure for compliance.
Capacity Building: Government agencies need the capacity to monitor and enforce regulations. This includes having trained personnel, adequate technology, and financial resources.
Transparency and Accountability: Transparency in decision-making and accountability for those who violate regulations are essential. Without these elements, there may be a lack of trust in the regulatory system.
International Cooperation: Environmental issues often transcend national borders. Cooperation with neighboring countries and international organizations can strengthen efforts to address shared challenges.

Addressing these challenges requires a multi-faceted approach involving government, industries, and communities. Here are some key considerations for improving the situation:

Government Accountability:
- Advocacy for transparent and accountable governance is crucial. Civil society organizations and citizens can play a role in holding the government accountable for the implementation of environmental regulations.
- Encourage the government to allocate sufficient resources and personnel to enforce and monitor compliance with environmental regulations.
Public Awareness and Participation:
- Promote public awareness campaigns to educate citizens about the importance of environmental protection and sustainable water management practices.
- Encourage public participation in decision-making processes related to environmental policies to ensure that community concerns are considered.
Industry Compliance:
- Strengthen regulatory mechanisms to ensure that industries adhere to environmental standards. This may involve stricter penalties for non-compliance.
- Implement regular monitoring and reporting mechanisms for industrial activities to track and address pollution issues promptly.
Research and Innovation:
- Invest in research and development to find innovative solutions for water pollution, air pollution, and resource management.
- Encourage the adoption of sustainable and environmentally friendly technologies in various sectors.
International Collaboration:
- Seek collaboration with international organizations and neighboring countries to address transboundary environmental issues, such as air and water pollution.
Waste Management:
- Develop and implement effective waste management strategies to prevent the pollution of water sources and reduce environmental impact.
- Encourage recycling and proper disposal practices.
Capacity Building:
- Provide training and capacity-building programs for government officials, industry professionals, and the public to enhance their understanding of environmental issues and regulations.
Legal Reforms:
- Advocate for necessary legal reforms to strengthen environmental protection laws and ensure that they are aligned with international standards.

It is essential to build a collaborative and inclusive approach to tackle these challenges. By involving all stakeholders, fostering awareness, and ensuring effective governance, there is a greater likelihood of making progress in mitigating the environmental issues you've outlined.

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Addressing environmental concerns in Iran requires not only the formulation of effective policies but also their robust implementation and enforcement. If there is a gap between the regulations in place and their actual implementation, it can hinder progress in addressing environmental problems.

Addressing the environmental challenges in rural Iran requires integrated approaches that promote sustainable land management, conservation of natural resources, and adaptation to climate change. Investments in water infrastructure, soil conservation measures, reforestation efforts, and sustainable agricultural practices are essential for enhancing resilience and promoting environmental sustainability in rural communities. Additionally, capacity building, education, and community participation are crucial for implementing effective solutions and promoting local ownership of environmental conservation efforts.

In the current section, we address the environmental challenges Iran is facing under six objectives of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal ratified in 2015.

Addressing the environmental challenges/problems in Iran requires two facades/approaches. Firstly, to identify these challenges, secondly, to provide/recommend some policies to address/tackle these challenges.

Addressing the environmental challenges in urban areas requires comprehensive strategies that integrate urban planning, environmental management, and sustainable development practices. Efforts to improve public transportation, promote renewable energy, enhance water conservation measures, and strengthen waste management systems are crucial for mitigating the environmental impact of urbanization in Iran. Additionally, raising awareness and fostering community participation are essential for sustainable urban development.

The 2023 Index scored Iran at 24 on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean") where 43 was the global average. The least corrupt country (Denmark) scored 90, and the most corrupt country (Somalia) scored 11. Regionally, the average score among Middle Eastern and North African countries was 34.

These environmental problems have significant impacts on Iran's economy, health, and social stability. Addressing these challenges will require coordinated efforts from governments, businesses, and civil society organizations, as well as innovative solutions that take into account the unique environmental and social characteristics of Iran.

Iran's diverse geography plays a crucial role in shaping its climate, ecosystems, and cultural heritage. The country's landscapes range from deserts and mountains to lush forests and coastal areas, providing a wide variety of environments and natural resources.

Addressing the environmental challenges in rural Iran requires integrated approaches that combine conservation efforts, sustainable agricultural practices, community engagement, and investment in rural infrastructure. Initiatives to improve water management, promote afforestation and reforestation, enhance soil conservation measures, and provide alternative livelihood options can help mitigate the environmental impact and foster resilience in rural Iran. Additionally, raising awareness and capacity-building among rural communities are essential for sustainable rural development.

CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

Goal 6 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to ensure ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION FOR ALL. Following the ratification of UN SDGs in 2015, Iran, like many other nations, was required to align its policies and initiatives with this agenda to improve water and sanitation conditions within its borders.

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LIFE BELOW WATER

Goal 14 of UN SDGs is
about CONSERVING AND SUSTAINABLY USING THE OCEANS SEAS AND MARINE RESOURCES which is crucial for the environmental health and economic well-being of any coastal nation, including Iran. Given Iran's extensive coastline along the Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Gulf of Oman, the country faces specific challenges related to marine conservation and sustainable resource management.

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LIFE ON LAND

Goal 15 of UN SDGs is to Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. Iran faces significant challenges in achieving this goal due to a complex interplay of factors, including:

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SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES

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RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION

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CLIAMATE ACTION

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PARTNERSHIP FOR GOALS`

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To address water scarcity in Iran, there is a need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to water management. This may include investing in modern irrigation technologies, promoting water conservation practices, improving water quality through better wastewater treatment, and expanding the country's water storage and distribution infrastructure. It will also require significant efforts to address the root causes of water scarcity, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable land use practices.

LIFE BELOW WATER

Goal 14 of UN Sustainable Development Goal is about CONSERVING AND SUSTAINABLY USING THE OCEANS SEAS AND MARINE RESOURCES. Conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources is crucial for the environmental health and economic well-being of any coastal nation, including Iran. Given Iran's extensive coastline along the Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Gulf of Oman, the country faces specific challenges related to marine conservation and sustainable resource management.

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RESPONSIBLIE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION

Goal 12 of the United Nations' SDGs is to Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. To achieve this goal, Iran can adopt a range of strategies and policies.

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CLIMATE ACTION

Goal 13 of the United Nations' SDGs is to take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. Iran, like many other nations, can take various measures to combat climate change and its impacts. Addressing climate change involves both mitigation efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation strategies to cope with the changes that are already occurring.

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LIFE ON LAND

Goal 15 of the United Nations' SDGs is "Life on Land." To protect, restore, and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, and address biodiversity loss in Iran, a comprehensive and integrated approach is needed. Here are several recommendations for Iran to address these challenges:

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PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS

Goal 17 of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) focuses on strengthening the means of implementation and revitalizing the global partnership for sustainable development. Achieving this goal involves fostering cooperation among nations, supporting capacity-building efforts, and enhancing collaboration between governments, the private sector, and civil society.

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CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

Goal 6 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to ensure ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION FOR ALL. To address water scarcity in Iran, there is a need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to water management. This may include investing in modern irrigation technologies, promoting water conservation practices, improving water quality through better wastewater treatment, and expanding the country's water storage and distribution infrastructure.

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SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES

Goal 11 of the UN SDGs is about sustainable cities and communities. The goal is to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. To make cities and human settlements in Iran inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable, it is important to adopt a holistic and integrated approach that addresses various aspects of urban development. Here are key strategies and actions that can contribute to achieving Goal 11 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the context of Iran:

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Heading 5

It was explained in our home page that, seven criteria are used to assess performance of countries on environmental sustainability. In this section, performance of Islamic Republic of Iran is examined.

It should be noted that, in examining the performance of the country on environmental sustainability as with any outer country in our region, two important points have been considered. Firstly, to make our reporting reliable and accurate, we are mostly relying on the information and news originated from inside Iran. We are not relying on the information and news produced outside the country unless it is verified by our sources inside the country. Secondly, the information and reports produced by the UN and its various organisations, and international organisations such as Green Peace and scientific reports are important source for our assessment.

Current environmental challenges

It is a general consensus among conservationists in Iran, both government and non-government ones, that, the country is facing an unprecedented environmental crisis. For instance, the country is facing declining water resources, rapid deforestation, desertification, overgrazing of grassland,. Only the air pollution is affecting the health and quality of life of millions living in major cities throughout the country.

As it is discussed in further details, the Iranian state and its various apparatus has opted for little or no action at all to address and tackle any of these environmental problems. What is more troubling is that, the state, in its wide-ranging form, is part of the problem and not the solution when it comes to address the country environmental crisis.

As it is explained in further details under THE POLITICAL SYSTEM and criteria no. 7 (PARTNERSHIP FOR GOALS), the state in its wide-ranging form includes the office of the supreme leader, the entities under the direct supervision of the supreme leader, the appointees by the supreme leader, the three branches of powers (judiciary, executive, legislative).

This question arises that, why we should concern ourselves with the state in its wide-ranging form and not to focus on the country Department of Environment when we examine the country environmental problem. To answer the question we need to describe how the Iranian state function.

What we understand from the classical teachings and as the experience of democratically-run countries demonstrate, governance means

Iran's environmental problems have significant impacts on her economy, health, and social stability. Addressing these challenges will require coordinated efforts from governments, businesses, and civil society organizations, as well as innovative solutions that take into account the unique environmental and social characteristics of Iran.

exercising political, economic and administrative power to run the affairs of the country at all levels. Good governance has characteristics such as public participation, law-oriented, sufficient transparency, government accountability, wise decision-making and visionary outlook, and ultimately, it will lead to a proper and excellent relationship between the government and the people.

When people feel that the country belongs to them and that they are the main owners of their own resources, they will use the resources in a more conservative manner to protect the rights of others and the rights of future generation in enjoying the same resources. Having a sense of social belonging also makes people feel that they have enough power to solve the problems of their society.

In case of Islamic Republic of Iran, however, none of the above is currently in place. The decisions taken and actions carried out by the state and its various entities over the past thirty years or so, has led to emergence of ruling elites in the country who have established a monopoly on the resources of the country. We can now observe a gap between general public and the ruling elites and the gap keeps growing.

In fact, a new political entity has entered into daily life of ordinary Iranians over the past twenty odd years and its impact and influence on the day to day affairs of the country and subsequently on the life of ordinary people continues to increases as year passes. The new political entity is called Nezam which can be translated as the establishment. Within this entity another one was born which is the most powerful decision making apparatus in the country and does not responds to anyone or any entity. It is called Baytt-e Rahabari which is literally translated as the House of (Supreme) Leader. There is no accountability and no transparency in what happens in the newly created entity.

As we witness during every general election in the country, whether it is presidential or parliamentary elections or electing cities and towns councils, the rates of people participation is declining. Based on the data published by the Ministry of Interior in the country, general public participation in the last parliamentary election (2018) was xx percent The participation for the last presidential election (took place on xxx) was xx percent. In fact, the participation in presidential election by people in major urban areas such as Tehran, Mashhad, Tabriz, were as low as 20%. In fact, the state has managed to create a fragmented society.

It is explained in each section (criteria 1 to 7) that, how the new reality hinders tackling the environmental challenges in the country.

1-Clean Water and Sanitation

On 22 March 2018, the United Nation General Assembly launched the Water Action Decade, to mobilize action that will help transform how we manage water. The following measures (set by UN) are used to asses the country performance:

1.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all

1.2. By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all.

1.3. By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials.

1.4. ...

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ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

United Nations

Global Plan of Action

The United Nations global plan of action refers to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This agenda was adopted by all UN member states in September 2015.

It consists of a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aimed at addressing various global challenges and creating a more sustainable, equitable, and prosperous world by 2030.

In this section, seven out of seventeen UN's SDGs are selected and the orgnisations and ministries involved/responsible to deal with these seven goals are identified.

The seven goals are listed below.

1-Clean Water and Sanitation

One of the UN Sustainable Development Goals is to ensure access to clean water and sanitation for all (Goal 6). Following the ratification of UN Sustainable Development Goals in 2015, Iran, like many other nations, was required to align its policies and initiatives with this agenda to improve water and sanitation conditions within its borders.

In Iran, several organizations and ministries are involved in managing water-related issues across various sectors:

Ministry of Energy: Responsible for overall water resource management, including policy-making, planning, and development of water-related projects.
Ministry of Agriculture: Deals with water management in agriculture, including irrigation systems, water allocation to farms, and promoting efficient water usage in farming practices.
Iran Water Resources Management Company (IWRMC): Operates under the Ministry of Energy and is primarily responsible for managing and distributing water resources, implementing water-related projects, and maintaining dams and water infrastructures.
Iran Water and Power Resources Development Co. (IWPCO): Focuses on planning and executing water and power projects to both industrial and public water needs.
Iranian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage (IRNCID): A non-governmental organization that promotes efficient water use in agriculture, particularly in irrigation and drainage systems.
Iran Water Research Institute (IWRI): Conducts research on water-related issues, develops technologies for water management, and provides expertise in water resource planning and development.

These entities work collaboratively and often oversee different aspects of water management in Iran, including agriculture, industry, and public water supply. They aim to address water scarcity, promote efficient water usage, and develop sustainable strategies for water resource management across various sectors.

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2-LIFE BELOW WATER

The other selected UN Sustainable Development Goal is

about CONSERVING AND SUSTAINABLY USING THE OCEANS SEAS AND MARINE RESOURCES (Goal 14).

In the context of Iran, several aspects of the above stated goal are relevant, considering the country's extensive coastline along the Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. Iran faces challenges related to marine pollution, over fishing, habitat degradation, and the impact of climate change on its coastal and marine environments..

In Iran, the management and conservation of marine life in rivers, lakes, and seas involve several organizations and ministries:

Department of Environment (DOE): The DOE, particularly through its various divisions and agencies, is responsible for environmental protection, including the conservation of marine life in rivers, lakes, and seas. It sets regulations, monitors ecosystems, and enforces measures to protect biodiversity. The DOE is also responsible for environmental protection and conservation in Iran, including monitoring and managing water quality in rivers and lakes. It sets regulations and standards for water quality and oversees enforcement measures.
Iranian Fisheries Organization (IFO): Responsible for overseeing fisheries and aquatic life, the IFO plays a significant role in managing and regulating fishing activities in rivers, lakes, and seas to ensure sustainable practices and protect marine life.
Iranian Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA): A part of the DOE, the IEPA specifically focuses on environmental issues, including water quality monitoring and conservation efforts in rivers and lakes. The IEPA may be involved in managing and protecting the ecological balance of aquatic ecosystems, including those in rivers, lakes, and coastal areas.
Iran Water Resources Management Company (IWRMC): This organization, under the Ministry of Energy, plays a role in managing water resources, which includes monitoring and managing water quality in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS): Although primarily focusing on oceans and atmospheric science, to marine life in seas and possibly in larger rivers or estuarine environments. INIOAS also conducts research and monitoring related to inland water bodies' quality, including rivers and lakes.
Iranian Fisheries Organization (IFO): Responsible for overseeing fisheries and aquatic life, the IFO may also have roles in monitoring and protecting the quality of water bodies that support aquatic life.

These organizations collaborate and often share responsibilities in monitoring and protecting marine life across various water bodies, implementing regulations to conserve biodiversity, and promoting sustainable practices to ensure the health and preservation of aquatic ecosystems in rivers, lakes, and seas throughout Iran.

These entities also work collaboratively to set standards, monitor water quality, conduct research, and implement measures to preserve and improve the quality of rivers and lakes throughout Iran. They often work in coordination to address pollution sources, enforce regulations, and develop strategies for sustainable water management to maintain and enhance the quality of these vital water resources..

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3-Life on Land

In Iran, several entities are involved in managing forests, combating desertification, halting and reversing land degradation, and addressing biodiversity loss:

Forest, Rangeland, and Watershed Management Organization (FRWMO): Responsible for the conservation, sustainable management, and development of forests, rangelands, and watersheds in Iran. FRWMO oversees afforestation projects, manages protected areas, and works to prevent and combat desertification.
Department of Environment (DOE): Plays a crucial role in environmental protection and conservation efforts, including biodiversity conservation and combating desertification. It sets policies, regulations, and strategies to protect natural resources and biodiversity.
Iranian National Committee of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (INCCD): Focuses specifically on combating desertification, land degradation, and drought issues in accordance with the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. It works on implementing strategies to mitigate desertification and land degradation.
Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST): Engages in research and technological development related to environmental issues, including land degradation, desertification, and biodiversity loss. They contribute scientific expertise to address these challenges.
Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad: Involved in agricultural and rural development, including implementing programs related to afforestation, land management, and sustainable agriculture practices to combat land degradation.
Iranian NGOs and Civil Society Organizations: Numerous non-governmental organizations and civil society groups in Iran are actively involved in environmental conservation, afforestation, biodiversity protection, and raising awareness about the importance of preserving natural habitats.

These entities work together to develop policies, implement projects, conduct research, and raise awareness to tackle issues related to land degradation, desertification, biodiversity loss, and the sustainable management of forests and natural resources in Iran.

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4.Sustainable Cities

and

Communities

Goal 11 of the UN SDGs is about sustainable cities and communities. The goal is to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

In Iran, various ministries, organizations, and entities play roles in making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable:

Ministry of Interior: Responsible for urban planning and development policies, as well as managing administrative aspects related to cities and human settlements.
Municipalities and Local Governments: Each city and urban area in Iran has its municipality responsible for local governance, city planning, infrastructure development, and services provision.
Ministry of Roads and Urban Development: Involved in urban development, transportation planning, and infrastructure projects that contribute to making cities more sustainable and resilient.
Department of Environment (DOE): Engaged in ensuring environmental sustainability in urban areas, addressing pollution, managing waste, and promoting eco-friendly practices within cities.
Ministry of Energy: Plays a role in managing energy resources, including implementing energy-efficient measures in urban settings and supporting sustainable energy initiatives in cities.
Housing Foundation of the Islamic Revolution: Involved in providing affordable housing, urban development, and improving living conditions in urban areas.
Iranian Municipalities and Rural Administrations Organization (IMRAO): Engaged in urban governance, coordinating municipal activities, and implementing urban development plans.
Academic Institutions and Research Centers: Universities and research institutions in Iran contribute to urban planning, sustainable development studies, and research aimed at making cities more inclusive, safe, and resilient.

These ministries, governmental bodies, local administrations, and related organizations work together to create policies, implement urban development plans, provide infrastructure, and address challenges to ensure that cities and human settlements in Iran are inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable for their residents.

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5. Responsible Consumption and Production

Goal 12 of the United Nations' SDGs is to Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

In Iran, several ministries, organizations, and entities are involved in promoting responsible consumption and production, aligning with Goal 12 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):

Department of Environment (DOE): Responsible for environmental protection and conservation, including setting regulations, policies, and standards that encourage sustainable consumption and production practices.
Ministry of Industry, Mine, and Trade: Involved in regulating industries and promoting sustainable production methods, encouraging businesses to adopt eco-friendly practices and technologies.
Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad: Responsible for agricultural policies and practices, promoting sustainable farming methods, reducing agricultural waste, and encouraging responsible use of natural resources.
Iranian National Standards Organization (INSO): Sets standards and certifications that promote sustainable production processes and products, ensuring they meet specific environmental and quality criteria.
Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines, and Agriculture: Engaged in promoting sustainable business practices among industries and businesses, encouraging responsible production and consumption patterns.
Educational and Research Institutions: Universities and research centers in Iran often conduct studies, research, and educational programs focused on sustainable consumption and production, promoting awareness and innovative solutions.
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Civil Society Groups: Various NGOs and civil society organizations actively promote sustainable practices, raise awareness about responsible consumption, and advocate for policies supporting sustainable production.

These ministries, organizations, and entities collaborate to develop policies, implement strategies, provide incentives, and raise awareness to foster responsible consumption and production patterns in Iran, aiming to reduce waste, improve resource efficiency, and minimize the environmental impact of economic activities.

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6. Climate Action

Goal 13 of the United Nations' SDGs is to take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

In Iran, several ministries, organizations, and entities are responsible for addressing climate action and promoting sustainable production, aligning with Goal 13 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which focuses on combating climate change and its impacts. These entities include:

Department of Environment (DOE): Responsible for environmental protection, including addressing climate change issues, setting policies, and implementing measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote renewable energy, and enhance climate resilience.
Ministry of Energy: Engaged in energy policies and management, including overseeing the development of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, contributing to mitigating climate change effects.
Iran Meteorological Organization (IRIMO): Monitors climate patterns, conducts research on climate change impacts, and provides data essential for climate modeling and adaptation strategies.
Iranian National Center for Climate Change (INCCC): A government-affiliated center focused specifically on climate change research, policies, and strategies for adaptation and mitigation efforts.
Ministry of Roads and Urban Development: Involved in urban planning, transportation systems, and infrastructure development with considerations for reducing carbon emissions and enhancing sustainable transport.
Iranian Fuel Conservation Company (IFCC): Focused on promoting energy efficiency and conservation measures across industries, transportation, and households to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable production methods.
Iranian Renewable Energy Association (IrREA): A non-governmental organization working to promote renewable energy and advocate for policies supporting its development and adoption.
Research Institutes and Universities: Academic institutions and research centers in Iran conduct studies, research, and educational programs focusing on climate change, its impacts, and solutions, contributing to national strategies.
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Civil Society Groups: Numerous NGOs and civil society organizations in Iran actively participate in climate advocacy, awareness campaigns, and projects related to sustainable production and climate resilience.

These ministries, governmental bodies, research institutions, and organizations collaborate to develop policies, implement strategies, conduct research, raise awareness, and take action to mitigate climate change effects, promote renewable energy, and enhance climate resilience in Iran.

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7. PARTNERSHIP

AND

GOALS

The last goal of the United Nations' SDGs (Goal 17) is strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.

In Iran, various ministries, organizations, and entities contribute to fostering global partnerships for sustainable development, aligning with Goal 17 of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):

Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Responsible for international relations and diplomacy, facilitating partnerships with other countries, international organizations, and stakeholders to advance sustainable development goals.
Department of Environment (DOE): Engages in international cooperation and partnerships on environmental issues, collaborating with other nations and international agencies to address global environmental challenges.
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance: Involved in economic policies and financial cooperation with international partners, seeking investment and funding for sustainable development projects.
Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology: Engages in academic and research collaborations with international institutions, fostering knowledge exchange and innovation for sustainable development.
International Cooperation Center of Iran (ICC Iran): This organization focuses on facilitating international partnerships, collaborations, and exchanges across various sectors to support sustainable development efforts.
Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines, and Agriculture: Promotes economic partnerships and collaborations with international business communities, encouraging investment and trade that aligns with sustainable development goals.
United Nations Agencies and International Organizations: Various UN agencies, such as UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), UNICEF, and others, collaborate with the Iranian government and local entities to support sustainable development initiatives and partnerships.
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Civil Society Groups: NGOs and civil society organizations in Iran often collaborate with international counterparts, fostering partnerships and advocating for sustainable development goals through joint projects and initiatives.

These ministries, governmental bodies, international organizations, and civil society groups work together to establish and strengthen partnerships, facilitate knowledge exchange, encourage technology transfer, and secure resources for sustainable development initiatives in Iran in line with Goal 17 of the UN SDGs.

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2. Life below water

Goal 14 of UN Sustainable Development Goals addresses this matter.

UN Sustainable Development Goal is

about CONSERVING AND SUSTAINABLY USING THE OCEANS SEAS AND MARINE RESOURCES (Goal 14).

Conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources is crucial for the environmental health and economic well-being of any coastal nation, including Iran. Given Iran's extensive coastline along the Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Gulf of Oman, the country faces specific challenges related to marine conservation and sustainable resource management. Here are some aspects to consider in addressing these challenges:

1. Marine Pollution:

Policy Implementation: Ensure the effective implementation of regulations and policies to prevent and control marine pollution. This includes addressing industrial discharges, oil spills, and waste disposal.
Waste Management: Implement effective waste management strategies, including proper disposal of plastic waste, to reduce marine litter and pollution.
Monitoring and Enforcement: Strengthen monitoring and enforcement mechanisms to identify polluters and hold them accountable for their actions.
Public Awareness: Educate the public about the consequences of marine pollution and promote responsible waste disposal practices.

2. Overfishing:

Sustainable Fishing Practices: Implement and enforce sustainable fishing practices to prevent overexploitation of marine resources.
Fisheries Management: Develop and implement comprehensive fisheries management plans that consider the ecological balance and long-term sustainability of fish stocks.
Monitoring and Surveillance: Enhance surveillance and monitoring of fishing activities to prevent illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing.
Aquaculture Development: Promote responsible aquaculture practices as an alternative to over-reliance on wild fisheries.

3. Habitat Degradation

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): Establish and effectively manage MPAs to conserve critical marine habitats, such as coral reefs, seagrasses, and mangroves.
Coastal Zone Planning: Develop and implement integrated coastal zone management plans to minimize habitat destruction from urban development and infrastructure projects.
Land-based Pollution Control: Address land-based activities that contribute to habitat degradation, such as deforestation, urbanization, and agricultural runoff.

4. Climate Change Impacts:

Adaptation Strategies: Develop and implement adaptation strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems, including rising sea levels, ocean acidification, changes in marine biodiversity and changes in water temperature.
Research and Monitoring: Invest in research and monitoring programs to assess the vulnerability of marine ecosystems to climate change and track changes over time.

5. International Collaboration:

Regional Cooperation: Collaborate with neighbouring countries and international organizations to address shared challenges, such as pollution and overfishing, in regional waters.
Information Sharing: Exchange scientific data and information on marine ecosystems and resources to facilitate informed decision-making.

6. Community Involvement:

Community-based Conservation: Involve local communities in marine conservation efforts, ensuring their participation in decision-making processes.

Educational Programs: Implement public awareness and education programs to inform local communities, fishermen, and industries about the importance of marine conservation and sustainable resource use.

Alternative Livelihoods: Explore and promote alternative livelihoods for communities dependent on marine resources to reduce pressure on ecosystems.

7.Technological Innovation:

Technological Solutions: Explore and implement innovative technologies, such as satellite monitoring and artificial intelligence, to enhance the monitoring and management of marine resources.

8. Education and Capacity Building:

Training Programs: Provide training programs for marine professionals, enforcement agencies, and local communities to enhance their understanding of marine conservation and sustainable use.

By addressing these aspects comprehensively, Iran can work towards conserving its marine environments, ensuring sustainable use of marine resources, and mitigating the impact of various threats such as pollution, overfishing, habitat degradation, and climate change. International cooperation and collaboration with local communities are crucial elements for the success of these efforts.

3. Life on Land

Goal 15 of UN SDGs is to protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

To protect, restore, and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, and address biodiversity loss in Iran, a comprehensive and integrated approach is needed. Here are several recommendations for Iran to address these challenges:

Integrated Land Use Planning:
- Develop and implement integrated land use planning that balances economic development with environmental conservation.
- Ensure that land-use policies take into account the ecological value of different areas, such as forests, wetlands, and biodiversity hotspots.
Forest Conservation and Management:
- Strengthen and enforce laws and regulations to prevent illegal logging and unsustainable exploitation of forests.
- Promote sustainable forest management practices, including reforestation and afforestation efforts to restore degraded areas.
- Support community-based forestry initiatives that involve local communities in sustainable forest management.
Desertification and Land Degradation:
- Implement effective measures to combat such as sustainable agricultural practices, soil conservation techniques, and afforestation in vulnerable areas.
- Develop and implement land reclamation projects to restore degraded lands and improve soil fertility.
- Invest in research to understand the causes and impacts of desertification, enabling the development of targeted solutions.
- Introduce soil conservation techniques, such as agroforestry, cover cropping, and contour plowing.
- Invest in sustainable agricultural practices that promote soil health and reduce erosion.
Biodiversity Conservation:
- Develop and implement national biodiversity conservation strategies.
- Establish and effectively manage protected areas for the conservation of diverse ecosystems and species.
- Support research on biodiversity and monitor changes in species populations and ecosystems. This is to help conservation strategies and also help to combat the illegal wildlife trade and poaching and
Community Involvement:
- Engage local communities in the management and conservation of terrestrial ecosystems, ensuring that their traditional knowledge is considered.
- Establish community-based conservation projects that provide economic incentives for local communities to protect biodiversity and manage natural resources sustainably.
- Implement community-based natural resource management initiatives.
Climate Change Adaptation:
- Develop and implement strategies to adapt to the impacts of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems.
- Invest in climate-resilient agricultural practices and water management systems to address changing precipitation patterns and temperature fluctuations.
Education and Awareness:
- Implement educational programs to raise awareness about the importance of terrestrial ecosystems, biodiversity, and the impacts of land degradation.
- Promote sustainable practices among farmers, landowners, and the general public through outreach and education.
Policy and Regulatory Framework:
- Strengthen and enforce laws and regulations related to land use, forestry, and biodiversity conservation.
- Develop and update policies that promote sustainable practices and penalize unsustainable activities.
International Collaboration:
- Collaborate with international organizations, neighboring countries, and global initiatives to address cross-border environmental issues and share best practices.
- Access international funding mechanisms for projects related to biodiversity conservation and sustainable land management.
Climate Change Adaptation:
- Incorporate climate change considerations into land-use planning and conservation strategies.
- Develop strategies to adapt to the impacts of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems.
Research and Monitoring:
- Invest in scientific research to monitor the health of terrestrial ecosystems, track biodiversity trends, and assess the effectiveness of conservation and restoration efforts.
- Use technology, such as satellite imagery and remote sensing, for monitoring and early detection of land degradation.

4. Sustainable Cities and

Communities

Goal 11 of the UN SDGs is about sustainable cities and communities. The goal is to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

To make cities and human settlements in Iran inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable, it is important to adopt a holistic and integrated approach that addresses various aspects of urban development. Here are key strategies and actions that can contribute to achieving Goal 11 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the context of Iran:

Inclusive Urban Planning:
- Develop and implement inclusive urban planning policies that consider the needs of all segments of the population, including vulnerable and marginalized groups.
- Ensure the participation of diverse communities in the planning and decision-making processes to promote inclusivity.
Affordable Housing:
- Implement policies and initiatives to provide affordable and accessible housing options for all residents.
- Encourage the development of mixed-income neighborhoods to avoid social segregation.
Transportation and Accessibility:
- Invest in sustainable and accessible public transportation systems to reduce traffic congestion and air pollution.
- Develop infrastructure that prioritizes pedestrians and cyclists to create walkable and bike-friendly urban areas.
Resilient Infrastructure:
- Design and construct resilient infrastructure that can withstand natural disasters and climate change impacts.
- Invest in and upgrade infrastructure, including transportation, water supply, sanitation, and energy, to meet the needs of a growing urban population.
- Integrate green infrastructure, such as parks and green spaces, to enhance urban resilience and improve the quality of life.
Environmental Sustainability:
- Promote energy-efficient buildings and sustainable construction practices to reduce the environmental footprint of urban areas.
- Implement waste management and recycling programs to minimize environmental pollution.
Community Engagement:
- Foster community engagement through participatory approaches in decision-making and local governance.
- Empower local communities to take an active role in the maintenance and improvement of their neighborhoods.
Crisis Preparedness and Response:
- Develop and implement disaster preparedness plans to respond effectively to natural disasters and emergencies.
- Establish early warning systems and evacuation plans to protect residents in the event of disasters.
Cultural Heritage Preservation:
- Protect and preserve cultural heritage sites within urban areas to maintain the identity and history of the community.
- Integrate cultural considerations into urban planning to celebrate diversity and heritage.
Access to Basic Services:
- Ensure universal access to essential services such as healthcare, education, water, and sanitation.
- Upgrade and maintain infrastructure to provide reliable and efficient services for all residents.
Smart City Solutions:
- Leverage technology and innovation to enhance the efficiency of urban services, improve governance, and enhance the overall quality of life.
- Implement smart city solutions for traffic management, waste disposal, and public services.
Capacity Building:
- Invest in the capacity building of local government officials, urban planners, and community leaders to effectively implement sustainable urban development strategies.
Monitoring and Evaluation:
- Establish monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to track progress toward sustainable development goals and adjust strategies as needed.
International Collaboration:
- Collaborate with international organizations, cities, and global networks to share best practices, knowledge, and resources for sustainable urban development.

By implementing these strategies, Iran can work towards creating inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities and human settlements, contributing to the achievement of Goal 11 of the UN SDGs. It is crucial to involve diverse stakeholders, including government agencies, local communities, businesses, and non-governmental organizations, to ensure the success of these efforts.

5. Responsible Consumption and Production

Goal 12 of the United Nations' SDGs is to Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

To achieve Goal 12 of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which focuses on ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns, Iran can adopt a range of strategies and policies. Here are key actions that can contribute to achieving sustainable consumption and production in the country:

National Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) Strategy:
- Develop and implement a comprehensive national strategy for sustainable consumption and production, outlining goals, targets, and action plans.
- Integrate SCP considerations into broader national development plans and policies.
Resource Efficiency:
- Promote resource efficiency across all sectors, including industry, agriculture, and services, to minimize waste and optimize resource use.
- Encourage the adoption of cleaner and more efficient production technologies.
Waste Management and Recycling:
- Strengthen waste management systems to reduce landfill disposal and promote recycling and reuse.
- Implement policies and initiatives to increase public awareness and participation in recycling programs.
Circular Economy Practices:
- Promote circular economy principles to extend product lifecycles, reduce waste generation, and enhance the reuse and recycling of materials.
- Encourage businesses to adopt circular business models, such as product-as-a-service and remanufacturing.
Consumer Awareness and Education:
- Conduct public awareness campaigns to educate consumers about the environmental and social impacts of their consumption patterns.
- Promote sustainable consumer behavior through education and information.
Green Procurement:
- Implement green procurement policies within government agencies to promote the purchase of environmentally friendly and sustainable products.
- Encourage private sector entities to adopt sustainable procurement practices.
Industry Standards and Certification:
- Establish and enforce standards for sustainable production practices across industries.
- Encourage businesses to obtain certifications for sustainable and environmentally friendly products.
Incentives and Regulations:
- Introduce economic incentives, tax breaks, or subsidies to encourage businesses to adopt sustainable production practices.
- Enforce regulations that limit the environmental impact of production processes and promote eco-friendly technologies.
Collaboration with Businesses and Industry:
- Collaborate with businesses, industries, and business associations to foster a commitment to sustainable production.
- Encourage the development of industry-led initiatives for sustainable practices.
- Encourage the development and use of eco-labeling for products with lower environmental impacts.
Collaboration with Stakeholders:
- Foster collaboration between government, businesses, academia, and civil society to develop and implement sustainable consumption and production initiatives.
- Establish multi-stakeholder platforms to share best practices, experiences, and challenges.
Research and Innovation:
- Invest in research and development to promote innovation in sustainable technologies and production methods.
- Support initiatives that drive technological advancements for cleaner and more sustainable production processes.
Supply Chain Transparency:
- Encourage transparency in supply chains to allow consumers to make informed choices based on the environmental and social performance of products.
- Encourage businesses to assess and improve the sustainability of their supply chains, considering social, economic, and environmental factors.
International Collaboration:
- Collaborate with international organizations and participate in global initiatives that promote sustainable consumption and production.
- Share best practices, knowledge, and experiences with other countries to enhance global sustainability efforts.
Monitoring and Reporting:
- Establish monitoring and reporting mechanisms to track progress toward sustainable consumption and production goals.
- Regularly assess the environmental and social impact of production processes.

By implementing these actions, Iran can contribute to the global efforts to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns, aligning with Goal 12 of the UN SDGs. It is crucial to involve government agencies, businesses, civil society, and the public to achieve meaningful and lasting impact.

6. Climate Action

Iran, like many other nations, can take various measures to combat climate change and its impacts. Addressing climate change involves both mitigation efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation strategies to cope with the changes that are already occurring. Here are several actions Iran can consider:

Mitigation Measures:

Renewable Energy Transition:
- Invest in and promote the development of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower.
- Implement policies to encourage the adoption of clean energy technologies in power generation, transportation, and industry.
Energy Efficiency:
- Implement energy efficiency programs in various sectors, including buildings, transportation, and manufacturing.
- Introduce and enforce energy efficiency standards and codes for appliances, vehicles, and industrial processes.
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS):
- Explore and invest in carbon capture and storage technologies to reduce emissions from industries.
- Support research and development in CCS technologies.
Reforestation and Afforestation:
- Tree-Planting Programs: Implement large-scale afforestation and reforestation programs to enhance carbon sequestration and biodiversity.
- Sustainable Forest Management: Promote sustainable forest management practices to prevent deforestation and protect existing forests.

Adaptation Strategies:

Climate-Resilient Infrastructure:
- Design and build infrastructure that can withstand the impacts of climate change, such as extreme weather events and rising sea levels.
- Upgrade and reinforce existing infrastructure to be more resilient.
Water Management:
- Implement sustainable water management practices to address water scarcity and changes in precipitation patterns.
- Invest in water conservation, efficient irrigation systems, and watershed management.
Agricultural Adaptation:
- Promote climate-smart agriculture techniques that enhance resilience to changing weather patterns.
- Support farmers with information and resources for adapting to climate impacts.
Early Warning Systems:
- Establish and enhance early warning systems for extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, and storms.
- Educate and prepare communities for climate-related risks.
Ecosystem Protection:
- Preserve and protect natural ecosystems, such as wetlands and mangroves, which provide valuable climate adaptation services.
- Implement measures to safeguard biodiversity.
Community Engagement:
- Involve local communities in the development and implementation of climate adaptation plans.
- Raise awareness about climate change impacts and the importance of community resilience.

International Collaboration:

Climate Diplomacy:
- Actively participate in international climate negotiations and agreements.
- Collaborate with other nations and organizations on climate initiatives.
Technology Transfer:
- Engage in technology transfer agreements to access and implement climate-friendly technologies.
- Share indigenous knowledge and expertise with the global community.
Climate Finance:
- Seek and utilize climate finance mechanisms to fund adaptation and mitigation projects.
- Align national budgets to support climate action.
Research and Innovation:
- Invest in research and innovation to develop climate-resilient technologies and solutions.
- Collaborate with international partners on climate research.

Implementing these measures requires a coordinated effort from various sectors, including government, businesses, civil society, and the public. Effective governance, stakeholder engagement, and sustained commitment are essential for success in addressing climate change and building a more sustainable and resilient future.

7. Partnerships for the goals

1. International Collaboration:

Diplomacy and Partnerships: Engage in diplomatic efforts to strengthen relationships with other nations, international organizations, and development partners to foster collaboration on sustainable development initiatives.

2. Financial Resources:

Official Development Assistance (ODA): Contribute to and receive ODA to support sustainable development projects and initiatives.
Domestic Resource Mobilization: Enhance domestic resource mobilization through effective tax policies, revenue generation, and financial management.

3. Technology Transfer:

Technology Partnerships: Establish partnerships with other countries and the private sector to facilitate the transfer of environmentally sound technologies to support sustainable development goals.

4. Capacity Building:

Education and Training: Invest in education and training programs to enhance the skills and capacities of individuals, government officials, and institutions to implement sustainable development practices.

5. Trade Facilitation:

Trade Policies: Implement trade policies that promote sustainability, inclusivity, and fair practices.
Market Access: Enhance market access for developing countries by addressing trade barriers and supporting fair trade practices.

6. Data and Monitoring:

Data Collection: Strengthen national statistical capacities for collecting and analyzing data relevant to sustainable development.
Monitoring and Reporting: Develop mechanisms for monitoring progress on SDGs, including transparent reporting and accountability measures.

7. Private Sector Engagement:

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Encourage and incentivize private sector engagement in sustainable development through CSR initiatives.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Foster partnerships between the public and private sectors to leverage resources and expertise.

8. Civil Society Involvement:

NGO Collaboration: Collaborate with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society groups to ensure inclusive and participatory development.
Community Engagement: Involve local communities in decision-making processes to ensure development strategies meet their needs.

9. Debt Management:

Responsible Borrowing: Implement responsible borrowing practices to manage external debt and avoid debt-related challenges that may hinder sustainable development efforts.

10. Inclusive Global Governance:

Global Institutions: Advocate for reforms in global governance institutions to ensure inclusivity and representation of diverse voices in decision-making processes.
Participation in Global Initiatives: Participate actively in international initiatives addressing global challenges, such as climate change and public health.

11. Research and Innovation:

Research Collaboration: Foster international collaboration in research and innovation to address global challenges, share knowledge, and develop solutions.

12. Resilience to Global Shocks:

Global Health Preparedness: Contribute to and benefit from global efforts to enhance health systems and pandemic preparedness.
Climate Change Adaptation: Collaborate on global climate initiatives to enhance resilience and adapt to the impacts of climate change.

13. Advocacy and Outreach:

Public Awareness: Promote public awareness and understanding of the importance of global partnerships for sustainable development.
Advocacy: Advocate for international cooperation and solidarity in achieving the SDGs at regional and global forums.

Implementing these strategies requires a concerted effort from governments, businesses, civil society, and other stakeholders. Goal 17 emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of nations in achieving sustainable development, making collaborative efforts and partnerships crucial for success.

The problems facing environmental protection in Iran are:

Red tape,

corruption (quote from international organisation)

No law, regulations

lack of implementing the current

No funding or insufficient funding

Geographical areas that have a large number of native or endemic species are called biodiversity hotspots. Thirty-six hotspots of biodiversity have been registered in the world. Two of the world's biodiversity hotspots are located in parts of Iran. These two points are called hot spots of Caucasus and Irano-Anatolia.

Cormorant Garamond is a classic font with a modern twist. It's easy to read on screens of every shape and size, and perfect for long blocks of text.

As the overwhelming evidence confirm, over the past thirty years starting with the presidency of Hashemi Rafsanjani and under the guise of the Supreme leader, Ali Khameni, a kleptocracy state has evolved in the country.

Department

of

Environment

The Iranian Department of Environment is a governmental organization, under the supervision of the president. It is responsible for matters related to safeguarding the environment.

The origins of the department can be traced back to the Hunting Club of Iran, established in 1956. Years later, it developed into an organization overseeing hunting and fishing activities in the country. In 1971 the organization changed its name to its current one, and notably has hosted the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance in the city of Ramsar on the same year.

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Department

of

Environment

Department of Environment (DOE) in Iran is the main governmental organization responsible for environmental protection, conservation, and management in the country. The department was established in 1971, and its responsibilities include:

Developing and implementing policies related to environmental protection, conservation, and management in the country.
Monitoring and assessing environmental conditions in Iran, including air and water quality, soil health, and biodiversity.
Issuing permits and regulating activities that have an impact on the environment, such as industrial and agricultural activities, waste management, and land use.
Promoting sustainable development and environmental education in Iran, and engaging with stakeholders to raise awareness about environmental issues and encourage conservation efforts.
Collaborating with international organizations and other countries to address global environmental challenges, such as climate change and wildlife conservation.

The DOE has several subsidiary bodies, including the Environmental Protection Agency, which is responsible for enforcing environmental regulations and issuing permits, and the National Parks and Wildlife Organization, which manages protected areas and conservation efforts for wildlife in Iran.

Despite the efforts of the DOE, Iran still faces significant environmental challenges, and there is a need for continued investment and policy changes to address these issues.

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1-Clean Water and Sanitation

The first selected criteria to asses the performance of the countries in our target region is ensuring access to water and sanitation for all.

“This is a timely event to address one of the most severe challenges, especially for arid and semi-arid countries. We are at a critical juncture wherein many countries are on the threshold of a water crisis while simultaneously facing a number of extreme challenges. It is urgent to develop and formulate our collective regional and global cooperation in this Decade to tackle this crisis, particularly for trans-boundary water challenges.”

As it is discussed in the current section, Iran’s environmental challenges currently include air pollution, pesticide pollution, soil depletion and erosion, water scarcity and pollution, natural resource loss, lack of appropriate waste management, lead poisoning, and desertification. Environmental policy regulations and how to implement them are well described, however, no implementation of those regulations exist. In fact, the state has a big role in undermining such regulations.

Due to the location of Iran in one of the arid and semi-arid regions and the existence of limited water resources, except for the northern part of the country and parts of the western part of the country, other regions of the country are always facing water restrictions, and this situation is in the central, southern, and southern parts of the country. It is more visible in the east and southeast of the country. The presence of two desert regions in the center of Iran has also added to the country's water crisis. Since it is no longer possible to collect and build new water dams in the country, and as far as this was possible, it has been done in the last one or two decades.

Also, on the other hand, it is not possible to transfer water from the water-rich areas of the country to dry and low-water areas more than the current amount, and there is no possibility of moving water between water basins. which has caused Iran to be considered as one of the countries with water crisis.

The actions that have aggravated the limitation of water resources in Iran are:

Indiscriminate extraction of groundwater resources has caused irreversible loss of groundwater aquifers.
Excessive consumption of water, especially in the agricultural and drinking sectors.
The review of the latest research conducted in the field of per capita water consumption in different countries shows that despite the limited water resources, Iran has one of the highest consumptions among different countries with 190 liters of domestic drinking water per day. The average household water consumption in the world per person per day is 150 liters.

One of the important environmental challenges in the water shortage crisis is the unstable management of water resources, because in the past, traditional water extraction systems such as springs, aqueducts and traditional streams were designed in such a way that the exploitation of resources was carried out according to the capacity of the source. used to be used, but nowadays the use of surface water is regulated and implemented based on long-term plans, that is, the use of underground water should be done up to 80% of the supply, and not paying attention to the amount of the deficit received each year and not applying the economy policy. Demand corresponding to the decrease in annual intake leads to the occurrence of a decrease in the level of underground water, a decrease in the surface moisture of the earth, the loss of vegetation and the rapid growth of the dust producing areas, etc.

Water crisis in Iran refers to the problems which due to the water scarcity occur in Iran. Water scarcity can be a result of two mechanisms: physical (absolute) water scarcity and economic water scarcity, where physical water scarcity is a result of inadequate natural water resources to supply a region's demand, and economic water scarcity is a result of poor management of the sufficient available water resources. Iran is encountered to both problems.

TEHRAN – A recent report by Nature Scientific Journal on Iran’s water crisis indicates that from 2002 to 2015, over 74 billion cubic meters have been extracted from aquifers, which is unprecedented and its revival takes thousands of years along with urgent action.

The Islamic Republic of Iran with a total area of 1, 648, 195 sq. kilometres (636,372 sq miles), Iran is the 17th largest country in the world and the second largest in the Middle East after Saudi Arabia. Population of the country is estimated to be 83,992,949 people according to UN data (2020).

Country statement at the General Assembly on World Water Day, during the High Level Event for the Formal Launch of the International Decade for Action: “Water for Sustainable Development 2018-2028.
UN Headquarters, New York, 22 March 2018

Previous United Nations initiatives included The United Nations Water Conference (1977), the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981-1990), the International Conference on Water and the Environment (1992), Earth Summit (1992) and the International Decade for Action “Water for Life”, 2005-2015.

tween 1990 and 2015, the proportion of the global population using an improved drinking water source has increased from 76 per cent to 90 per cent

Razm-Hosseini said the depletion of underground water resources had already led to the evacuation of many villages.

He added that the government had devised serious plans to prevent further depletion of underground water resources by encouraging growing agricultural products that consume less water such as saffron and barberry. Razm-Hosseini also emphasized that irrigation methods of wheat and corn farms in Kerman had also been renovated to increase efficiency.

Iran’s Energy Minister Hamid Chitchian had earlier announced that Iran is in a critical situation in terms of its water resources.

Alireza Razm-Hosseini, the governor general of Iran’s southern province of Kerman, told the domestic media that the project – which involved digging a tunnel – was being implemented by Khatam-ul-Anbia Construction Headquarters (KACH) since December 2015.

https://themediaexpress.com/2017/04/15/how-serious-is-water-crisis-in-iran/

6-Climate Action

7-Partnership for goals
The Gini coefficient is a much-used indicator of describing the wealth distribution within communities. A Gini coefficient of 0.0 means a totally equal society, and one of 1.0 means one person has ALL the weath! Almost without exception, nations around the world have Gini coefficients that are trending upwards.

However, Iran scored lower than Saudi Arabia in the 2021 Democracy Index.[1]

[1] "Democracy Index 2021: the China challenge" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit.

The country is challenged with many interrelated political, social and natural crisis including environmental degradation, unemployment, poverty, and population growth. Sustainability is being undermined in every aspects of environmental issues at the cost of future generations. With a population of over 86 million, the country is having difficulty in maintaining its current infrastructure, housing, food, and educational facilities. Population growth leads to increased demand for infrastructure and resources.

The Gini coefficient is a much-used indicator of describing the wealth distribution within communities. A Gini coefficient of 0.0 means a totally equal society, and one of 1.0 means one person has ALL the weath! Almost without exception, nations around the world have Gini coefficients that are trending upwards.

A new and aggressive surge in development followed. Scores of dams were built on almost every river. Thousands of miles of highways were laid through almost every habitat. Unsurprisingly, there was little space for environmentalists in the new Iran. Even now, experts say the consequences of that period affect the conservation community.

With the natural landscape increasingly fragmented by development, protests over environmental issues began to proliferate, fueling furious security responses. In one instance in 2011, police arrested hundreds of demonstrators as they campaigned for a reversal of the development policies that they said had destroyed Iran’s biggest lake. “Lake Urmia is dying, and parliament ordered its death,” one protest slogan went.

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5- Responsible Consumption and Production

Our selected criteria for the assessment are:

Clean water and sanitation
Life below water
Life on Land
Sustainable cities and communities
Responsible consumption and production
Climate action
Partnerships for the Goals

5. Responsible Consumption and Production

Worldwide consumption and production, which is driving force of the global economy, relies on the use of the natural environment and resources in a way that continues to have destructive impacts on the planet. The following measures (set by UN) are used to asses the country performance:

5.1 Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries

5.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources

5.3 By 2030, halve per capian global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses.

5.4. ...

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6. Climate Action

6.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries

6.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning

6.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning.

6.4. ...

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Iran faces a range of environmental problems that have significant impacts on its natural resources, ecosystems, and human health. Some of the most pressing environmental problems in Iran include:

1. Water Scarcity: Iran is one of the most water-stressed countries in the world, with the majority of its land area classified as arid or semi-arid. Population growth, climate change, and unsustainable water management practices have contributed to a significant decline in water resources in recent decades, leading to conflicts over water resources and serious challenges for farmers and local communities. Read More

Political system

Key facts

Political System: Key Facts (This section was last updated on 21 October 2020)

The legal and constitutional arrangements in Iran, similar to other neighbouring countries, have direct impact on the preservation or destruction of natural ecosystems/and the environment. It is the general consensus that government policies of any country can affect the natural environment locally (as well as globally) through its industrial and agricultural policies. The national parliament also plays an important role in preservation or destruction of the environment by introducing new laws.

IRAN, IR KEY FACTS

POLITICAL STRUCTURE

MINERAL RESOURCES

Islamic Republic of Iran

1. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

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LIFE BELOW WATER

RESPONSIBLIE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION

CLIMATE ACTION

LIFE ON LAND

PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS

CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES

Heading 5

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

2. Life below water

3. Life on Land

Goal 11 of the UN SDGs is about sustainable cities and communities. The goal is to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

5. Responsible Consumption and Production

Goal 12 of the United Nations' SDGs is to Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

6. Climate Action

7. Partnerships for the goals

As the overwhelming evidence confirm, over the past thirty years starting with the presidency of Hashemi Rafsanjani and under the guise of the Supreme leader, Ali Khameni, a kleptocracy state has evolved in the country.

Department

of

Environment

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Department

of

Environment

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6-Climate Action

5- Responsible Consumption and Production

IRAN, IR
KEY FACTS